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unpleasant temperature (Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 2017; Hill, 1915). Botanic gardens were also established in the colonized areas to act as nurseries and research centers for extensive spice and other valued commodity farming. By now botanic gardens were crucial to the economic prosperity of major imperial powers like Holland and
Great Britain, centers of the effort of discovery, cultivation, and commerce of "new" plant species (Thompson, 1972). Following the European model, botanic gardens were also developed in North America; their remarkable expansion in the 19th centuryBotanic gardens lost importance for scientific and commercial progress in the 19th and 20th centuries
Botanic gardens lost their purpose as centers in this endeavor since the world and its flora had already been "discovered" and expanding commerce activities were entrenched. A laboratory science also disappeared from the garden environment as the field science of botany became more focused on the natural ecology of plants in situ. Gradual divergence
from botany resulted from concurrent advances
in the science of medicine.Parallel growth also saw the emergence in Europe, North America, and the British Commonwealth of public gardens with seldom a basis in natural science. These were rather focused on meeting urban population wants and pleasures (Botanic Gardens Conservation International, 2017). With this development, many botanic gardens
also distinguished proponent of the need for accessible nature to civilize urban life in America the landscape architect Frederick Law Olmsted who in 1865 wrote in his report on Yosemite and the Mariposa grove: "It is a scientific fact that tThe open space system." The open space system emerged in the middle of the 20th century as a counter movement to both the
segmentation and standardizing seen in reform parks and recreation facilities and the distance from the city seen with previous pleasure grounds (Cranz & Boland, 2004). Parks were now considered as connected systems of open areas and passageways inside the urban design, able to aid to calm social turmoil and revitalize city life. Under this concept, any underdeveloped area in the city could be seen as a park; abandoned industrial sites,
waterfront paths abandoned rail
or road-ways, rooftop platforms, niches in between current buildings and traffic flow.That it not only gives pleasure for the time but also increases the subsequent capacity for happiness and the means of securing happiness. She occasionally considers natural scenes of an impressive character, particularly if this contemplation occurs in connection with relief from
ordinary cares, change of air and change of behavior, is favorable to the health and vigor of men and especially to the health and vigor of their intellect beyond any other conditions which can be offered them. Sometimes the severe forms of softening of the brain, paralysis, palsey, monomania, or insanity, but more often of mental and nervous excitability, moroseness,
melancholy, or irascibility, incapacitating the subject for the proper exercise of the intellectual and moral forces. Men and women are often habitually pressed by their business or household cares.Pleasure-based grounds Mostly romantic environmentalists, the 19th century park supporters were (Cranz & Boland, 2004; Young, 1995). These noticed the issues
afflicting the urban working class and knew
these were environmental rather than personal ones. Building on Christian beliefs, nature was considered as balanced and good and so able to inculcate in individuals harmony and virtue. Parks must be public rather than private, Olmsted (1865) insisted, "the great mass of society, including those to whom it would be most beneficial, is excluded from it." Set in the fringes of cities to contrast against the usual settings and activities of urban living, the parks should be
big and pastoral, with coordinated and subdued vegetation (Cranz & Boland, 2004). Many other metropolitan parks in North America as well as Central Park in New York City mirror Olmsted's social and aesthetic values. But the location of pleasure grounds far from the homes of working people resulted in these parks mostly used by the middle class (Cranz &
Boland, 2004; Young, 1995).Reform parks and leisure activities centers. Park design underwent transformation throughout the 20th century thanks to rational and modernist ideas (Cranz & Boland, 2004; Young, 1995).Darwinian ideas of conflict and imbalance as natural occurrences had supplaced the romantic perspective. With this change came more regulated and managed usage of natural materials, where straight lines and vivid flowers replaced
Conclusion
curved forms and harmonious nature contents. Parks were seen of as tools of social reform, including in the physical education of working class children and integration of immigrants, and thus were furnished with sports facilities, play areas, and field huts for community events. Unlike the pleasure grounds, they were underlined in the urban form and related to the populations and areas they were supposed to assist. turned toward stressing their function as
sites of leisure and aesthetic appreciation as well as historically and culturally significant tourism destinations Public areas Apart from the development of contagious diseases, mental health and social issues afflicted the developing industrial towns in Europe and the US (Cranz People started to believe they lacked wholesome living environment, fresh air, and sunlight—
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