The Restoring Environment: An Environmental Strategy to Reduce the Problems of Contemporary LifeSection overview and applicationAlthough attempts to bring nature to urban areas have historical history, modern thought on the relationships between natural connections and functional and health advantages arose since the 1970s. Before discussing two well-known theories in the field attention restoration theory and psychoevolutionary
theory—this section notes some fundamental ideas in restorative environments research. It then lists the elements of the surroundings that provide restfulness and goes over studies on the restoring power of natural environments. At last, it addresses problems in study and application including concerns of how restoration develops over time within a restorative
experience and with recurrent contacts.The materials of this part directly relate to how ReST developed and act as building blocks for the integration of mindfulness research and restorative environments research. One that similarly addresses basics in mindfulness research comes next.Fundamental assumptions in studies on restorative environments
Restoring adaptive resources that have run
out in attempts to satisfy needs helps to restore the related functional skills (Hartig, 2017). Restoring environments research adopts a dynamic resource view on adaptive functioning, assuming that adaptive proficiency differs not only between individuals but also inside individuals as they go through ordinary activity patterns (von Lindern et al., 2017). Having
used an adaptive resource to address one difficulty, a person will thus be less equipped to manage a later challenge that demands.Being essentially in the urban - nature contrast, much restorative environments research has studied experiences with relatively managed and limited nature such as botanic gardens and urban parks, which are commonly available to
urban ra sense of psychologically being away, not having to engage with routine mental contents, including those associated with everyday tasks and demands. Taken together, these qualities enable people to become actively involved with pleasantly fascinating events in the moment, free from few limitations and disruptions. ART holds that the neurological foundations of focused attention can rest and the resource can be rebuilt when attention is
gently maintained and guarded from demands
and distractions. Regular restoration can thus prevent tiredness and self-regulatory failures and it can reduce stress by strengthening the resources needed to deal with demanding or threatening events. According to Kaplan and Kaplan ( 1989), natural surroundings offer more than most environments; they provide such restoring possibilities esidents in daily life. As is done in Paper II, measures of theoretically relevant mediating constructs (e.g., with the
Perceived Restorativeness ScaleHartig, Kaiser, & Bowler ave often been used to indicate how well different environments support restoring processes. As is done in Paper I, much of the study has focused on central attention control capacities as judged by various performance measures in order to capture important outcomes. As in Paper I, much study has been
focused on emotional states including the experienced arousal and valence. Other studies have aimed at key psychophysiological markers of stress and recovery. With diverse emphasis and viewpoint, these three domains of result measurements match the adaptive capacities in focus in major restoring environments theories. Two ideas long used in the discipline are psychoevolutionary theory and attention restoration theory.
Theory of attention restoration Attention restoration
heory Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995) draws on James's (1890) distinction between voluntary and involuntary attention. ART views effective functioning as essentially dependent on the cognitive ability to direct attention; that is, to willfully regulate attention as relevant for fulfilling a specific task (e.g., writing a report) and so to inhibit processing of irrelevant stimuli
a conversation in the corridor) and so inappropriate behavior (e.g., angry outbursts). Since one has limited capacity to focus attention, constant efforts to direct attention should definitely run out. Gradually compromised performance and finally, self-regulating ability weariness are the manifestations of depletion. ART makes the assumption that numerous routine chores and
other daily responsibilities somewhat tax the focused attention resource. Therefore, sustainability of functioning, health, and well-being depends on enough chances to regain the capacity to direct attention. Restoring surroundings encourage a cognitively easy way of operation (Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Kaplan, 1995), unlike settings that demand persons to focus their attention on efficiently functioning. This indicates that people can attend and
Conclusion
behave in line with their present inclinations by only allowing their attention to what they find intriguing. defines an environment as restorative if it is rich in softly interesting elements that may gently hold attention in a bottom-up approach, is viewed as clearly ordered and of considerable scope, and fits the personal preferences of the user. Furthermore, a restoring environment allows one to have on the same resource, until the resource is first restored (see
the section Transcending the Automatic and Habitual for background and parallel formulations of this assumption). Restoring can take place in the absence of direct adaptive cues. But a restorative environment not only allows but also encourages repair of a specific adaptive resource Thus, a restoring environment helps to hasten, deepen, or ease healing. Theory concerning restorative environments evolved out of the fact that people who live and work in
primarily built settings tend to seek out nature for relief and relaxation (Hartig et al., 2011; Kaplan & Kaplan, 1989; Ulrich, 1983). When given an option, people often favor natural over built environments (Ibarra et al., 2017; Joye & Van den Berg, 2011; Van den Berg et al., 2007), a bias that seems to get more pronounced when they are tired or stressed.
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