city, but as normal elements of it. Inspired by the surrounding geography and architecture, the historical use of the site, and by the local needs and possibilities through democratic and participatory processes, their contents and characteristics likewise grew more varied and dynamic. Important new purposes were cultural ones like those found in farmers' markets, concerts, and art installations. Though now within (rather than outside of) the framework of
the urban environment and lifestyle, the open space system also saw a reintroduction of the idea that parks should serve in offering psychological respite.Sustainable city urban parks and botanic gardensPeople all over realized by the 1970s the negative effects of continuous over-exploitation of many natural resources and the accompanying degradation of many species' habitats. Many botanic gardens responded to this insight by stressing the preservation of
threatened species together with public outreach on problems of environmental protection and sustainable development (Dodd & Jones, 2010; Donaldson, 2009; Maunder, 1994; Pennisi, 2010; Williams, Jones, Gibbons, & Clubbe, 2015). Botanic gardens also noticed at this same period that the sheer novelty and abundance of species on show was insufficient to
attract visitors or support expensive upkeep
expenses. Many botanic gardens thus started to focus their collections and modify the design and contextualizing of the displays to fit the local conditions and demands.Concerns for sustainability simultaneously reshaped urban planning efforts more generally as represented for instance in the new urbanism movement (Hebbert, 2003), urban greening projects (Bowler, Buyung- Ali, Knight, & Pullin, 2010a), and urbaof the city, such support for water
regulation and waste management, and reduced pollution (Elmqvistare general and principal issues for individual-level approaches to prevention and treatment of stress-related problems). Still, the emphasis of this thesis is on mindfulness-based training as used in the framework of behavioral medicine, psychological therapy, and heath psychology.Originally
developed from philosophy and practices anchored in many distinct Buddhist et al., 2015 mindfulness-based stress reduction (MBSR; Kabat-Zinn, 1990) drew onThe trend toward sustainably green cities aims not only toward ecological sustainability but also toward human
wellness Restored natural ecosystems
inside the urban setting not only guarantee that ecological processes restore health and balance but also supply necessary ecosystem services for city dwellers. A sustainable city can offer central ecosystem services including the possibilities natural places and features allow for the control of adaptive capacities and stress for urban inhabitants (Bratman et al.,
Attempts to empower those who sufferAs shown in the several formulations of miasma theory in different ages and civilizations, the historically prevalent perspectives of ill health have stressed environmental variables as causes and cures (e.g., Sterner, 1948). But the recent about 100 years have seen a change with great progress in individual-level therapy methods for particular diseases. Many of these strategies have recorded results and are solidly based
in thorough research (see Barlow, 2007; Davidson et al., 2003; Levant & Hasan, 2008). Regarding the contemporary diseases usually linked to stress, however, the individual level approaches to prevent and treat have had limited success (Åsberg et al., 2010; Leventhal, Weinman, Leventhal, & Phillips, 2008; Maslach et al., 2001; Ong, Linden, & Young, 2004;
Stress related health issues have been
common over several decades at an alarming rate (Bratman et al., 2019; Lambert et al., 2015; Steel et al., 2014; Vigo, Thornicroft, & Atun, 2016). Concurrently, the availability of treatments has expanded as well as treatment costs. For example, Maslach (2001) has questioned why most initiatives aimed at preventing job burnout have focused on individuals when the available data indicates that contextual elements in companies are the main drivers
of the phenomena. Awa, Plaumann, and Walter (2010) further demonstrate that burnout rates remain constant exclusively in projects including organizational changes. Referring to Swedish settings, Åsberg et al. (2010) highlight to the futility of addressing these issues with individual-level treatments since changes in the labor market and welfare systems explain
increasing difficulties with stress-related illness and sick-leave. Taylor et al. (1997) further show how the individual-level approach to reducing structural problems shifts the burden of change from privileged to underprivileged population groups. Several writers have demonstrated that evidence-based programs hardly ever transition into evidence-based
Conclusion
treatments in view of the application of individual-level approaches in health care practice These problems affect agriculture as well (Horst, McClintock, & Hoey, 2017). Urban parks' architecture and philosophy changed as part of this greater shift as well. The sustainable park is a new movement in public park design, outlined by Cranz and Boland ( 2004 ). It embraces
the more intensively constructed areas in addition to building on the open space network of the cities. It seeks to restore natural systems and habitats and grow the city in an ecological process across the urban architecture. Apart from their sustainable management and self-sustaining nature, the sustainable parks can offer the ecosystem other functions.
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